Apparatus for the manufacturing of prestressed reinforced concrete railroad ties and the like

ABSTRACT

Apparatus for the manufacturing of prestressed reinforced concrete railroad ties and the like in which the apparatus consists of an elongated spine or compression member which has no foundation but rather is independent of the supporting surface upon which it rests. In one version of the apparatus two bridge members confront the opposite ends of the spine and permanent tension resisting members pass beneath the spine from end to end of the spine and are attached to the lower ends of the bridge members. In another version two structural members are embedded in the concrete of the spine and protrude to provide terminal members.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to prestressed reinforced concreterailroad ties and the like, and more particularly to methods andapparatus for the manufacturing of prestressed reinforced concreterailroad ties and the like.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Methods and apparatus for the manufacturing of prestressed reinforcedconcrete railroad ties and the like are known in the prior art.

For example, methods and apparatus for the manufacturing of prestressedreinforced concrete railroad ties are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,773,840, issued to Steven L. Jantzen on Sep. 27, 1988, and entitledMANUFACTURE OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE RAILROAD TIES.

Process and equipment for manufacturing pre-cast elements, made ofprestressed concrete, with immediate tensioning, in particularprestressed concrete sleepers are disclosed in Patent Cooperation TreatyDocument PCT/EP93/00289.

A method of molding concrete ties or other similar articles havingprestressed reinforcing wires or rods therein is disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 4,051,216, issued to Robert Lyndon Bratchell on Sep. 27, 1977, andentitled IN-LINE MOLDING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ARTICLES.

A portable molding apparatus for prestressed concrete members, such asconcrete railroad ties, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,577,613, issuedto William P. Hidden on May 4, 1971, and entitled PORTABLE MOLDINGAPPARATUS.

An apparatus for forming prestressed concrete products is disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 3,666,385, issued to Robert S. Baker on May 30, 1972, andentitled APPARATUS FOR MAKING PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS.

A PORTABLE TENSIONING SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE BEAMSis disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,306, issued to Ralph J. Tice on Apr.17, 1979.

APPARATUS FOR PRODUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PRECAST UNITS isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,491,417, issued to Hans Haller and ErwinWendl on Jan. 27, 1970.

APPARATUS FOR PRODUCTION OF PRE-STRESSED MOLDED CONCRETE MEMBERS isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,608,163, issued to Jon W. Harford on Sep.28, 1971.

Characteristically, some of the above-identified patents and otherdocuments disclose large, complex and extremely expensive equipment,some of which equipment is completely lacking in portability, requiresspecial foundations, or must be located in a specially provided buildingof large area.

It is believed that the documents listed immediately below containinformation which is or might be considered to be material to theexamination hereof.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,207,829

U.S. Pat. No. 3,182,948

U.S. Pat. No. 3,999,913

U.S. Pat. No. 3,685,934

British Patent Specification No. 1,357,836

British Patent Specification No. 1,460,149

German Laying Open Document No. 35 43 369

German Patent Publication 1 024 003

Swiss Patent 238960

It is to be understood that the term "prior art" as used herein or inany statement made by or on behalf of applicants herein means only thatany document or thing referred to as prior art bears, directly orinferentially, a date which is earlier than the effective filing datehereof.

No representation or admission is made that any of the above-listeddocuments is part of the prior art, or that no more pertinentinformation exists.

A copy of each of the above-listed documents except the Bratchell patentis submitted to the United States Patent and Trademark Office herewith.A copy of Bratchell will be supplied shortly,

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provideapparatus for the manufacturing of prestressed reinforced concreterailroad ties and the like, which apparatus are simpler and lessexpensive than apparatuses of the prior art provided for the samepurpose.

Another object of the present invention is to provide apparatus for thesame purpose which is comprised in part of elements, sometimes called"permanent elements", which are fabricated at a manufacturing site, andleft at that site, or disposed of near that site when manufacturingoperations at that site are permanently or temporarily discontinued.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide apparatus forthe above-stated purpose which is comprised of elements, sometimescalled "portable elements", which are moved from manufacturing site tomanufacturing site, and which may be fabricated at a location orlocations remote from these manufacturing sites.

A further object of the present invention is to provide apparatus forthe above-stated purpose, which apparatus is aboveground apparatus,i.e., does not require a foundation.

A further object of the present invention is to provide apparatus forthe above-stated purpose, which apparatus, during manufacturing, neednot be contained in a permanent building, but rather may be contained ina temporary shelter such as a tent, or may in certain climates beoperated out of doors.

Another object of the present invention is to provide apparatus for theabove-stated purpose, which apparatus is equally adaptable to theproduction of one prestressed reinforced concrete railroad tie at a timeor to the production of multiple prestressed reinforced concreterailroad ties at a time.

A yet further object of the present invention is to provide apparatusfor the above-stated purpose, which apparatus includes means for theprovision of a report corresponding to each individual product producedthereby, which report lists the tension in each reinforcing element ofthe product during the curing of the concrete mass of the product, orthe maximum and minimum tension in each reinforcing element of theproduct during the curing of the concrete mass of the product.

Another object of the present invention is to provide apparatus for theabove-stated purpose wherein each reinforcing element incorporated intoeach product is individually fully tensioned.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide apparatus forthe above-stated purpose which minimizes wastage of reinforcing elementmaterial.

A further object of the present invention is to provide apparatus forthe above-stated purpose, which apparatus can readily be adapted to theproduction of reinforced concrete elements of many different kinds,sizes and configurations.

A yet further object of the present invention is to provide apparatusfor the above-stated purpose, which apparatus can readily be adapted tomanufacture in existing buildings.

Another object of the present invention is to provide novel methods forfabricating apparatuses for the manufacture of prestressed reinforcedconcrete railroad ties and the like.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide novel methodsfor the manufacture of prestressed reinforced concrete railroad ties andthe like.

A further object of the present invention is to provide methods ofaccomplishing the above-stated objects, which methods include the stepof fully tensioning each reinforcing element in a particular productindividually.

A yet further object of the present invention is to provide methods ofaccomplishing the above-stated objects, which methods include the stepsof individually monitoring the tension in each reinforcing elementduring the curing of a particular product and providing a certificatesetting forth the tension in each individual reinforcing element duringthe curing of a particular product.

Another object of the present invention is to provide methods ofaccomplishing the above-stated objects, which methods include the stepof providing a certificate corresponding to each particular product inwhich is tabulated the maximum and minimum tension in each reinforcingelement of that product throughout the curing of that product.

Other objects of the present invention will in part be obvious and willin part appear hereinafter.

The present invention, accordingly, comprises the several steps and therelation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of theothers, and the apparatus embodying features of construction,combinations of elements, and arrangements of parts which are adapted toeffect such steps, all as exemplified in the following disclosure, andthe scope of the present invention will be indicated in the claimsappended hereto.

In accordance with a principal feature of the present invention anapparatus for the manufacturing of prestressed reinforced concreterailroad ties is comprised of an elongated spine member which is formedsubstantially entirely of concrete and has no foundation.

In accordance with another principal feature of the present inventionsaid spine member, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention,is composed of a plurality of mutually abutting modules, each of whichmodules is formed substantially entirely from concrete.

In accordance with yet another principal feature of the presentinvention said spine member, in another preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, is a single, monolithic body of concrete.

In accordance with a further principal feature of the present inventionsaid spine member, in yet another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention, is provided at its opposite ends with abutment frame meanswhich are deeply embedded in the concrete of said spine member and whichinclude abutment portions which project from the upper surface of theconcrete of said spine member and are adapted to support anchorreceiving means to which reinforcing wires can be anchored.

In accordance with a yet further principal feature of the presentinvention said spine member is provided with mold alignment guides whichare affixed to its top surface.

In accordance with another principal feature of the present invention atleast one end of each of said reinforcing wires is anchored to one ofsaid anchor receiving means by anchoring means, which anchoring meansincludes a threaded rod passing through a hole in said anchor receivingmeans and a nut engaged with said threaded rod for adjusting the tensionin its associated reinforcing wire.

In accordance with yet another principal feature of the presentinvention each of said anchoring means includes an intermediate bodyinterposed between said threaded rod and said reinforcing wire, and astrain gauge coupled to said intermediate body for use in measuring thetension in said reinforcing wire.

In accordance with another principal feature of the present invention abulbous protrusion or button is attached to an end of said reinforcingwire and said anchoring means includes coupling means which is adaptedto receive said end of said reinforcing wire and to prevent saidprotrusion from escaping from said coupling means.

In accordance with a yet further principal feature of the presentinvention the spine member of a balanced compression embodiment of thepresent invention is provided with elevating means for elevating itabove the surface by which it is supported, said elevating meansdefining, with said spine member, a passage which extends beneath saidspine member and substantially from end to end thereof.

In accordance with another principal feature of the present inventionsaid balanced compression embodiment of the present invention furtherincludes first and second bridge means each of which confronts one endof said spine member, projects above the upper surface of said spinemember, and confronts said passage.

In accordance with yet another principal feature of the presentinvention at least one tension resisting member extends from end to endof said passage and is affixed to the lower ends of said bridge means.

In accordance with a further principal feature of the present inventionthe upper ends of said bridge means are provided with anchor receivingmeans whereby the opposite ends of reinforcing wires can be anchored tosaid bridge means.

In accordance with a yet further principal feature of the presentinvention the anchoring means attached to one of said anchor receivingmeans comprises strain gauge means.

In accordance with another principal feature of the present inventionrails are provided on each side of said spire member, which rails areadapted to support a straddle truck straddling said spine member.

In accordance with yet another principal feature of the presentinvention mold raising means are provided whereby the mold or moldscarried by said spine member can be raised from and lowered to the uppersurface of said spine member.

In accordance with a further principal feature of the present inventioncertain preferred embodiments thereof include computer means and printermeans associated with all of the strain gauges incorporated in saidanchoring means and adapted to provide printed reports of the tension ineach of the reinforcing wires of a set of reinforcing wiressimultaneously mounted on the device of said preferred embodiment.

In accordance with a yet further principal feature of the presentinvention a method of manufacturing prestressed reinforced concreterailroad ties comprises the steps of tensioning a set of reinforcingwires between the ends of a single, aboveground spine member, andindividually adjusting the tension in each such reinforcing wire.

In accordance with another principal feature of the present inventionsaid method of manufacturing prestressed reinforced concrete railroadties includes the step of printing a tabulation of the tension in eachindividual reinforcing wire as measured by strain gauges incorporated inone of the anchoring means associated with each reinforcing wire.

For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the presentinvention, reference should be had to the following detaileddescription, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of an apparatus for themanufacturing of prestressed reinforced concrete railroad ties embodyingthe present invention;

FIGS. 1A and 1B are partial perspective views of an alternate form of anapparatus for the manufacturing of prestressed reinforced concreterailroad ties embodying the present invention;

FIGS. 2 and 3 are partial perspective views of modules of the apparatusof FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged perspective view of the anchoring means of aparticular embodiment of the present invention for anchoring reinforcingwires to anchor receiving means thereof;

FIG. 5 is a partial perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 havingat least one railroad tie mold mounted thereupon are reinforcing wiresstretched in tension between the anchor receiving means thereof;

FIG. 6 is a partial perspective view of a railroad tie mold and themanner of its coaction with the mold alignment guides of the apparatusof the invention;

FIG. 7 is a partial perspective view of two railroad tie molds mountedupon an apparatus of the invention and having a complete set of tensionreinforcing wires passing therethrough;

FIG. 7A is a perspective view of a set of mold dividers of the kindwhich may be interposed between the railroad tie molds mounted upon anapparatus of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a partial perspective view of the spine of a balancedcompression railroad tie manufacturing apparatus of the presentinvention;

FIG. 8A is a perspective view of a part of the apparatus of the presentinvention shown in partial perspective view in FIG. 8;

FIG. 9 is an elevational view of one of the bridge members of theapparatus of the present invention shown in part in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a partial elevational view, partly in section, of theapparatus of the present invention shown in partial perspective in FIG.8;

FIG. 11 is a partial elevational view of an apparatus of the presentinvention, particularly showning the mold raising and lowering apparatuswhich is a principal feature of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a partial sectional view of a railroad tie manufacturingapparatus of a particular embodiment of the present invention, includingthe rails provided for bearing a straddle truck which, in accordancewith the present invention, straddles the spine of said apparatus;

FIGS. 13, 13A and 14 show further features of the mold raising andlowering apparatus of the present invention;

FIGS. 15, 16 and 17 illustrate an apparatus for the manufacturing ofprestressed reinforced concrete railroad ties embodying the presentinvention, and more particularly the apparatus of a second balancedcompression embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a typical prestressed reinforcedconcrete railroad tie;

FIGS. 19 and 19A illustrate an array transforming device of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 20 and 20A illustrate a reinforcing wire detensioning device ofthe present invention; and

FIG. 21 is a schematic representation of the electronic data conversionand printout means of certain embodiments of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown in part an apparatus 10constructed in accordance with the present invention for use in themanufacturing of prestressed reinforced concrete railroad ties.

As seen in FIG. 1, apparatus 10 is comprised of an elongated, mutuallyabutting array of modules 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, etc., which modules arejoined together at their abutting faces to form a single, elongatedstructural member 14 which is sometimes called the "spine" herein.

The convention is adopted herein of designating all of said modules inany apparatus 10 of the present invention, collectively, and also ofdesignating any individual one of said modules in general, by thereference numeral 12. Thus, all of the modules 12.1 through 12.6(FIG. 1) may sometimes be referred to as the "modules 12" herein, andany one of the modules 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, etc., may sometimes be referredto herein as "a module 12".

It is also to be understood that while the modules 12 shown in FIG. 1are respectively designated by the reference numerals 12.1 through 12.6,apparatus 10 is not necessarily comprised of six modules 12. Rather,apparatus 10 may in some embodiments of the present invention becomprised of a sufficient number of modules 12 so that its total lengthis several hundred feet.

In keeping with the terminological practice of the art, an apparatus 10comprised of three or more modules 12 will sometimes be referred to as a"long line".

On the other hand, it is also contemplated as part of the presentinvention that certain embodiments of apparatus 10 may be comprised ofas few as two modules 12.

As will also be evident to those having ordinary skill in the art from acomparison of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, as described herein, there are twoclasses of module 12, i.e., "terminal modules", such as modules 12.1 and12.6 shown in FIG. 1, and "intermediate modules", such as modules 12.2,12.3, 12.4, and 12.5, shown in FIG. 1.

A typical terminal module is more particularly described hereinbelow inconnection with FIG. 2; and a typical intermediate module is moreparticularly described hereinbelow in connection with FIG. 3.

As further seen in FIG. 1, each module 12 is principally comprised of asolid, generally rectangular block of concrete; each of which blocks isdesignated herein by a particular reference numeral, e.g., 16.1, or bythe general reference numeral 16, following the same convention observedin connection with the designation of the above-described modules.

As also seen in FIG. 1, the edges of the blocks 16 which are fullyexposed when the part of apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 1 is assembled areprotected by corresponding lengths of angle iron 18.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, it will be seen that a set of threetubes 20, 20', 20" passes through each block 16 and extendslongitudinally from end to end thereof. The tubes 20, 20', 20"(sometimes collectively designated by the reference numeral 20) in eachblock 16 are suitably located in the mold when that block 16 is moldedso that they will be located in the positions shown in FIGS. 2 and 3,relatively to the bottom face and the outer vertical faces of that block16.

It is also to be noted from FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 that each of the tubes 20,20', 20", i.e., the tubes 20, in every block 16 is so located that whenthe blocks 16 of any apparatus 10 are aligned and joined together asindicated in FIG. 1, all of the tubes 20 in that apparatus will bealigned, all of the tubes 20' in that apparatus will be aligned, and allof the tubes 20" in that apparatus will be aligned.

Thus, as best seen in FIG. 1, a cable 22 extends through all of thealigned tubes 20 from end to end of apparatus 10, a cable 22' extendsthrough all of the aligned tubes 20' from end to end of apparatus 10,and a cable 22" extends through all of the aligned tubes 20" from end toend of apparatus 10.

As also best seen in FIG. 1, a set of cable clamps 24, 24', 24" of wellknown type are clamped to the ends of cables 22, 22', 22", respectively,which project a short distance through the end 26 of apparatus 10, andthrough a protective steel plate 27 which bears against the exposedconcrete face of end 26.

A suitable protective steel plate 27' is provided at the other end ofapparatus 10, i.e., abutting the exposed concrete face of the exposedend of module 12.6.

A corresponding set of cable clamps 28, 28', 28" (not shown) are clampedto the respective opposite ends of cables 22, 22', 22", after suitablytensioning cables 22, 22', 22", and thus all of the modules 12 ofapparatus 10 are firmly joined together when the part of apparatus 10shown in FIG. 1 is fully assembled.

As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, a steel butt plate 30 is affixed to eachend of each intermediate module 12 (FIG. 3), and a single steel buttplate 30 is affixed to the inner end of each terminal module 12 (FIG.2).

Butt plates 30 may be affixed to their corresponding ends of modules 16by being arc welded to the adjacent ends of abutting edge protectors 18before each frame comprised of butt plates and their associated edgeprotectors is emplaced in the mold in which the corresponding block 16is to be molded.

As best seen in FIG. 3, each butt plate 30 is provided with two ears30', 30", each of which ears is provided with a pair of bolt-receivingholes 32.

When modules 12 are aligned to form apparatus 10 (FIG. 1) each pair ofmutually confronting ears 30 is joined together by bolts passing throughaligned pairs of holes 32, and associated nuts, thus maintaining modules12 in rigidly maintained, mutually joined juxtaposition.

In accordance with well known practice, it may be found desirable tointerpose a layer of grout between butt plates 30, which grout setsafter modules 12 have been finally aligned.

As best seen in FIG. 3, eyes 34 are affixed to the edge protectors 18 ofeach intermediate module 12, as by arc welding. It is to be understoodthat both of the upper edge protectors 18 of every intermediate module12 are provided with two eyes 18, at opposite ends thereof, and thatboth of the lower edge protectors 18 of every intermediate module 12 areprovided with a single, centrally located eye 34.

Referring again to FIG. 1, it will be seen that a single, continuouscable 36 passes through all of the eyes 34 but the outermost eyes 34',and is fastened to outermost eyes 34' by means the provision of which iswell within the scope of those having ordinary skill in the art.

It is to be understood that a substantially identical cable 36' coacts,in the same manner, with corresponding eyes 34' affixed to the oppositesides of the intermediate modules 12 of apparatus 10.

Thus it will be seen that all of the inter mediate modules 12 ofapparatus 10 are further securely joined together by means of two cables36, 36' one on each side of apparatus 10, coacting with the eyes 34, 34'located on the opposite major vertical sides of spine 14 of apparatus10.

Comparing FIGS. 1 and 2, it will be seen that in each of the terminalmodules 12.1, 12.6 of apparatus 10 there is embedded a pair oftriangular abutment frames 40.

As best seen in FIG. 2, each abutment frame 40 fabricated from heavysteel bar stock of rectangular cross-section, and the separate legsthereof are joined together into a single, unitary whole, as by arcwelding.

As also seen in FIG. 2, a part 40' of each abutment frame projects abovethe upper surface of concrete block 16.1. These projecting portions 40'of abutment frames 40 will generally be called "abutments" herein.

Thus, it will be under stood that a pair of abutment frames 40 isincorporated into each of the terminal modules 12.1, 12.6 of apparatus10 during the molding of the corresponding concrete blocks 16.1, 16.6;and that each of these abutment frames 40 projects above the uppersurface of its corresponding concrete block 16.1, 16.6 to form anabutment 40'.

The spine 14 of apparatus 10 described hereinabove is of the typedesignated herein as a "modular spine".

Referring now to FIG. 1A there is shown an alternatives apparatus 50,constructed in accordance with the present invention, for use in themanufacturing of prestressed reinforced concrete railroad ties.

As seen in FIG. 1A, apparatus 50 is comprised of a monolithic, solidconcrete spine 52, which is formed as a single block 54 of concrete,poured at the site at which apparatus 50 is to be used in themanufacturing of prestressed reinforced concrete railroad ties.

It is to be understood that it is a principal teaching of the presentinvention that certain parts of apparatus of the invention for use inthe manufacturing of prestressed reinforced concrete railroad ties(sometimes called "permanent parts" or "monosite parts" herein) shouldbe fabricated at the manufacturing site at which they are to be used,while other more portable and generally more complex and expensive partsof such apparatus (sometimes called "portable parts" or "multisiteparts" herein) should be moved from manufacturing site to manufacturingsite, leaving the permanent or monosite parts at the manufacturing siteat which they are fabricated in contemplation of subsequent manufacturethere, or disposing of the permanent or monosite parts near themanufacturing site at which they were fabricated.

Spine 52, then, would be such a permanent part, while modules 12(FIG. 1) might be treated as either permanent parts or portable parts,depending upon the availability of materials, cost of fabrication, etc.,at the respective intended manufacturing sites.

Referring again to FIG. 1A, it will be seen that four abutments 56'project from the upper surface of spine 52, two at each end thereof.

As will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art,informed by the present disclosure, abutments 56' are projecting partsof abutment frames 56, which are embedded in spine 52 during itsfabrication, in the same manner in which the abutment frames 40 ofapparatus 10 (FIG. 1) are embedded in their corresponding concreteblocks 16.1 and 16.6.

As will be clear to those having ordinary skill in the art, apparatus 50will sometimes hereinafter be called a "monolithic spine embodiment" ofthe present invention, as distinct from apparatus 10 (FIG. 1) which, asnoted above, is sometimes called herein a "modular spine embodiment".

Referring now to FIG. 1B, there is shown an apparatus 60 of the presentinvention which is substantially identical to apparatus 50, but for itslength.

In accordance with the principles of the present invention monolithicspine apparatus thereof may be made in any economically feasible length,ranging from the "long line" version shown in FIG. 1A to the single tieversion shown in FIG. 1B.

Comparing FIGS. 1, 1A and 1B, it will be seen that each of theapparatuses depicted therein is disposed upon a support surface which isdesignated by the same reference numeral as that assigned to theapparatus itself, primed. Thus, the support surface under apparatus 10is designated by the reference numeral 10', the support surface underapparatus 50 is designated by the reference numeral 50', and the supportsurface under apparatus 60 is designated by the reference numeral 60'.

It is thus to be understood that, in accordance with a principal featureof the present invention, it is not necessary to provide an ingroundfoundation for a manufacturing apparatus of the present invention. Tothe contrary, the manufacturing apparatus of the present invention areaboveground apparatus, which are independent from the support surfacesupon which they are disposed during tie manufacturing. The onlyrequirement for the supporting surface underlying a manufacturingapparatus of the present invention is that it be sufficiently solid andrigid to support the weight of the apparatus and its associatedequipment without deforming or degrading.

Referring again to FIG. 1B, it will be seen that the spine 64 ofapparatus 60 thereof is a single, monolithic block of concrete.

It will also now be evident to those having ordinary skill in the art,informed by the present disclosure, that each abutment 66' shown in FIG.1B is a projecting portion of a corresponding abutment frame 66 which isembedded in concrete block 64 in the same manner in which four abutmentframes 56 are embedded in spine 52 of apparatus 50 to provide fourabutments 56'.

Referring again to FIG. 1, it will be seen that a pair of mold alignmentguides 70, 70' are affixed to the top of spine 14, extend from terminalmodule 12.1 to terminal module 12.6, and extend over and are affixed tothe top of each terminal module 12.1 and 12.6.

Guides 70 and 70' may be affixed to the upper faces of the modules 12 ofspine 14 by mans of studs projecting from the upper faces of modules 12,the lower portion of each such stud being embedded in its associatedconcrete block 16. In accordance with this arrangement, the horizontalflange of each guide 70, 70' is provided with holes adapted to receivethe corresponding ones of said studs, and nuts engaged with said studsand overlying said horizontal flanges secure guides 70, 70' to the topof spine 14.

As seen in FIG. 1A, a pair of mold alignment guides 58, 58' are affixedto the top of spine 52, preferably in the same manner in which guides70, 70' are affixed to the top of spine 14 (FIG. 1).

Similarly, a pair of mold alignment guides 68, 68' are affixed to thetop of spine 64 (FIG. 1B).

Referring again to FIG. 1, it will be seen that a terminal plate 76 isaffixed to its associated abutments 40, 40', and that a terminal plate76' is affixed to its associated abutments 40, 40'.

As best seen in FIG. 2, which is an enlarged view of terminal module12.1, terminal plate 76 is affixed to its associated abutments 40' bymeans of bolts 78, the threaded ends of which bolts are engaged intapped holes in the vertical members of associated abutments 40'.

It is to be understood that terminal plate 76' (FIG. 1) is affixed inthe same manner to its associated abutments 40, 40'.

As also seen in FIG. 2, terminal plate 76 is provided with an array 80of holes, each of which holes is adapted to receive a terminal end ofone of the anchoring assemblies by which one end of a reinforcing wireor rod is anchored during the manufacture of a prestressed reinforcedconcrete railroad tie by means of apparatus 10.

While, for clarity of illustration, array 80 shown in FIG. 2 is anessential uniform rectilinear array, it will be understood by thosehaving ordinary skill in the art that the usual reinforcement array in atypical prestressed reinforced concrete railroad tie is somewhatirregular, as is the typical array 80' shown in FIG. 18, and thererelated to the cross-sectional outline of the tie 80" of which the wiresof the array 80' are a part.

Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a part of terminal plate 76, oneof the tapped holes 78' for receiving the threaded end of one of thebolts 78 (FIG. 2), some of the holes of array 80 (FIG. 2), and one ofsaid anchoring assemblies. Each of said anchoring assemblies may bedesignated herein by the general reference numeral 82.

Correspondingly, the holes of array 80 will collectively be designatedherein by the reference numeral 84, and any single hole of array 80 maybe designated by the reference numeral 84, where it is not necessary ordesirable to designate a particular hole 84 of array 80.

Where, however, it is desirable to designate a particular hole of array80, or a particular corresponding anchoring assembly or reinforcingwire, the convention will be adopted herein of individually designatingeach hole in array 80, etc., by the corresponding column designatingletter and row designating number in array 80 as viewed from beyond theend of apparatus 10 shown at the left-hand side of FIG. 1, and alsoshown in full at the left-hand side of FIG. 2.

As best seen in FIG. 2, the holes 84 of array 80 will be considered tobe arrayed in vertical columns A through F, and in horizontal rows 1through 3.

Thus, it will be seen that the upper left-hand hole in array 80 (FIG. 2)may be uniquely designated by the designator 84A1.

Similarly, the lower right-hand hole 84 in array 80 (FIG. 2) may beuniquely designated by the designator 84F3; and the third hole from theleft-hand end of the middle row of array 80 (FIG. 2) may be uniquelydesignated by the designator 84C2.

The associated individual anchoring assemblies and reinforcing wireswill be designated by designators having the same column and rowdesignators as those of their associated holes 84.

Thus, the anchoring assembly 82 shown in FIG. 4 may be uniquelydesignated by the designator 82F1, and the reinforcing wire anchored atone of its ends by anchoring assembly 82F1 (FIG. 4) may be uniquelydesignated by the designator 86F1.

Referring again to FIG. 4, it will be seen that anchoring assembly 82F1consists of a first threaded rod 90, a nut 92, an elongated hexagonalnut 94 of the kind sometimes called a "rod coupler", a strain gauge 96which is affixed to elongated nut 94 in the well known manner, e.g., bycementing, a second threaded rod 98, and a coupler 100.

Coupler 100, which is a principal feature of the present invention, iscomprised of a steel frame 101 having a nut 102 affixed to one of thesmaller sides 104 thereof, in alignment with a hole passing through side104, and a slot 106 in the other end thereof which is adapted to receiveone end of associated reinforcing wire 86.

As indicated in FIG. 4, nut 92 is engaged with the threads of threadedrod 90 which passes through hole 84F1. The other end of threaded rod 90is threaded into the tapped passage of nut 94. Threaded rod 98 isthreaded into the other end of the tapped bore of nut 94, and is alsothreaded into nut 102.

As also indicated in FIG. 4, the end of reinforcing wire 86 shown inthat figure is provided with a bulb 86', as by braising a nut or sleevethereon, in accordance with a principal teaching of the presentinvention, and is then dropped into slot 106 of coupler 100, bulb 86'passing through the enlarged end 106' of slot 106.

In accordance with a principal feature of the present invention, thethreads of rod 90, nut 92 and nut 94 are of the Acme or buttress-type,and the buttress-type threads, when used, are oriented for maximum forceand wear qualities in the direction producing tension in reinforcingwire 86, i.e., with the face of the thread making the greatest anglewith the axis of the thread facing reinforcing wire 86. In this manner,the life of threaded rod 90 and nuts 92 and 94 is extended as much aspossible.

As will now be evident to those having ordinary skill in the art,informed by the present disclosure, each end of each reinforcing wire86, during the production of one or more prestressed reinforced concreterailroad ties by apparatus 10, is anchored at each end by means of ananchoring assembly substantially identical to the anchoring assembly 82described immediately above, half of these anchoring assemblies 82 beingengaged with the arrayed holes in terminal plate 76 (FIG. 1), and theother half of these anchoring assemblies being engaged with the holes interminal plate 76' (FIG. 1).

As will become evident hereafter to those having ordinary skill in theart, each apparatus of the present invention is provided at its oppositeends with different reinforcing wire anchoring assemblies. For example,nuts 94 and strain gauges 96 (FIG. 4) need be provided at only one endof any apparatus of the invention. At the opposite end of the sameapparatus each threaded rod 90, bearing nut 92, may pass through itsassociated hole 84' in terminal plate 76', and then be threaded into thenut 102 of its associated coupler 101.

Thus, for clarity, the end of any apparatus of the present inventionwhich includes the strain gauges will be called the "first end" or"instrumented end" thereof, and the other end of the same apparatus ofthe present invention will, correspondingly, be called the "second end"or "uninstrumented end".

Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown the first or instrumented end ofthe apparatus of FIG. 1, at that stage of the manufacturing of aplurality of prestressed concrete railroad ties when a full set ofreinforcing wires 86 have been anchored at their respective ends andcorrectly tensioned, and just prior to the filling of the associatedmolds 120 with concrete.

As also seen in FIG. 5, a plurality of tie molds 120, only the first oneof which, 120-1, is shown, are emplaced on mold alignment guides 70,70'.

Mold 120-1 is provided with an end plate 124-1, which is affixed to theouter end of mold 120-1 by means of suitable bolts 126.

As seen in FIG. 6, the outer end 120-1' of mold 120-1 is provided with aplurality of threaded cylindrical inserts 128 which are adapted toreceive and engage bolts 126.

End plate 124-1 is provided with an array of holes 130 which correspondin array geometry to the holes 84 in terminal plate 76. Holes 13 are ofsufficient size to accommodate the bulbs 86' of the reinforcing wires86, but closely surround each reinforcing wire 86, whereby to minimizethe leakage of concrete from mold 120-1.

It is to be understood that a substantially identical end plate 124-2 isbolted to the outer end of the mold which is located at the opposite endof mold alignment guides 70, 70'.

Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown the gap 134 between tie mold120-1 and adjacent tie mold 120-2. In accordance with a principalfeature of the present invention this gap may be as little as 1/2 inch,thereby affecting considerable reinforcing wire cost savings as comparedwith prior art methods and apparatus for the manufacture of prestressedreinforced concrete railroad ties.

Also shown in FIG. 7 is the divider 136 which is placed between molds120-1 and 120-2 after wires 86 and molds 120 have been positioned onappartus 10 as shown in FIG. 7. In the known manner, the slots 136' individer 136 receive the respective wires 86 of the vertical columns Athrough F.

It is to be understood that a similar divider will be positioned betweeneach adjacent pair of tie molds 120 arrayed on guides 70, 70' ofapparatus 10.

Referring now to FIG. 7A, there is shown an alternative form of divider140 which may be used instead of divider 136 shown in FIG. 7.

As will be evident to those having ordinary skill in the art, informedby the present disclosure, element 140-1 will then be locatedimmediately below horizontal array 86A3 through 86F3 of wires 86 in FIG.7; element 140-2 will be located between horizontal arrays 86A3 through86F3 of wires 86 and horizontal array 86A2 through 86F2 of wires 86;element 140-3 will be located between horizontal array 86A2 through 86F2of wires 86 and horizontal array 86A1 through 86F1 of wires 86; andelement 140-1 will extend vertically from the wires of horizontal array86A through 86F1 to the top edge of molds 120-1 and 120-2.

It is to be understood that the apparatuses of the present invention maybe considered to be divided into two types, viz., the unbalancedcompression type, as shown in FIGS. 1 through 7A, and the balancedcompression type as shown in FIGS. 8 through 10 and 15 through 17.

The distinction between these two types of devices of the presentinvention can be seen, for example, by comparing FIGS. 2 and 10.

As there seen, the devices of the unbalanced compression type of deviceresist the forces produced by the tension in the wires tensioned therebyonly by the resistance of the spine (e.g., spine 14) to being rupturedby the breaking of the abutment frames 40 out of the spine 14; whereasin the devices of the second or balanced compression type (FIG. 10) theforces produced by the wires 86, under tension, are balanced by thecompressive forces produced by the heavy counterbalancing rod elements(e.g., 246, 246') located below the spine.

In FIGS. 8 through 10 there is shown an apparatus 200 of the presentinvention for use in manufacturing prestressed reinforced concreterailroad ties which is of the balanced compression type.

Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown one end of spine 202 ofapparatus 200, to which a reinforcing plate 204 is affixed by means ofbolts 206, which extend into cylindrical threaded inserts in spine 202,the recessed heads of bolts 206 only being shown in FIG. 8.

It is to be noted that a transverse rib 208 projects outwardly from themain body of reinforcing plate 204, and that a plurality of studs 210are provided on plate 204 for a purpose which will be explainedhereinafter.

It is also to be noted that spine 202 is provided with longitudinalflange-type legs 212, 212'.

Spine 202 is a monolithic concrete member the length of which isdetermined by the number of tie molds which are to coact therewith, anda reinforcing plate 204' substantially identical to reinforcing plate204 is affixed to the opposite end of spine 202.

It is to be understood that the term "monolithic" as used herein doesnot denote a concrete member consisting solely of concrete, but ratherdenotes a unitary concrete member, whether reinforcing rods or the likeare included therein or not.

Comparing FIGS. 9 and 10, it will be seen that apparatus 200 furthercomprises a bridge member 220 having a pair of ribs 222, 224 whichclosely embrace rib 208 of plate 204 when apparatus 200 is assembled.

As seen in FIG. 9, bridge 220 is provided at its upper end with an arrayof holes 228 which are arrayed in an array similar to the reinforcingrod array of the railroad ties which are to be manufactured by means ofapparatus 200.

Bridge 220 (FIG. 9) is also provided, at its lower end, with a pair ofholes 230 the purpose of which will be explained hereinafter.

Referring again to FIG. 10, it will be seen that spine 202 is providedwith mold alignment guides 232, 232' similar to guides 70, 70' shown inFIG. 1, and having the same purpose.

Apparatus 200 also includes four L-brackets 234, having a pair ofelongated holes 236 in one branch thereof.

As see in FIG. 10, all four brackets 234 are secured to plate 204 bymeans of studs 210 (FIG. 8) and their associated nuts 240. L-brackets234 serve to grasp the end of spine 202, thus preventing transverseshifting of plate 204 when it is being attached to spine 202.

As further seen in FIG. 10, a pair of countertension rods 246, 246'extend from end to end of spine 202, passing between legs 212, 212'thereof.

Countertension rods 246, 246' are secured to bridges 220, 220' locatedat opposite ends of spine 202, by means of bolts 248, 248' located atthe end of apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 10 and bolts 248" and 248'"located at the opposite end of spine 202.

Comparing FIG. 9 and 10, it will be seen that a set of sixteen anchoringassemblies 258 are engaged with corresponding holes 228 in bridge 220 inthe same manner in which anchoring assemblies 82 are engaged withterminal plate 76 in FIG. 4. Each anchoring assembly 258 is comprised ofa threaded rod 260, a nut 262, an elongated hexagonal nut 264 to whichis affixed a strain gauge 266, a second threaded rod 268, and a coupler270 with which the end of a reinforcing wire 272 having a bulb 272' atits end is engaged. The parts of each anchoring assembly 258 aresubstantially identical to the corresponding parts of the anchoringassembly 82 shown in FIG. 4.

When referred to any particular one of said anchoring assemblies 258, orany particular part of one of said anchoring assemblies, the conventionfor designating individual anchoring assemblies, etc., set outhereinabove in connection with array 80, etc., is also adopted in thepresent discussion of anchoring assemblies 258. Thus, the anchoringassembly shown at the top of FIG. 10 will sometimes be designated by thedesignator 258F1 herein, and the anchoring assembly shown at the bottomof the array seen in FIG. 10 will be designated by the designator 258F3.

Referring now to FIG. 12, there is shown a partial cross-sectional viewof a monolithic spine embodiment of the present invention. Concretespine 278 not only has a main body 280 and flange legs 282, 282', as inthe first balanced compression-type embodiment of the present inventionshown and described herein (FIGS. 8, 8A, 9 and 10), but also includesrailbed wings 283, 283' and retarding ribs 284, 284'. It is to beunderstood also that spine 278 may have embedded in it reinforcing meansfor reinforcing either the railbed ribs 283, 283', or the retardingwings 284, 284', or both. Mold alignment guides 286, 286' will also beaffixed to the top of spine 278.

As also seen in FIG. 12, a pair of rails 290, 290' are affixed to therespective tops of railbed wings 283, 283'.

Rails 290, 290' are adapted to bear a straddle truck generallydesignated by the reference numeral 292, the flanged wheels of whichride on the respective rails 290, 290'.

Straddle truck 292 is provided for the purpose of carrying the concretesupply means by which molds borne by guides 286, 286' are filled;concrete vibrators; lifting and handling equipment for lifting andhandling molds, reinforcing wires, completed ties, etc.

It is to be understood as a principal feature of the present inventionthat rails 290, 290' may not only extend along spine 278, but also mayextend throughout the yard or plant, i.e., the facility, in whichapparatus 296 embodying spine 278, etc., and in some cases otherapparatus of the same kind, are located.

Referring again to FIG. 12, it will be seen that, as a feature of thepresent invention, straddle truck 292 is provided with calliper clamps297, 297', operated by handles 298, 298' to selectively frictionallygrasp retarding ribs 284, 284', whereby straddle truck 292 can be lockedin any desired position along spine 278.

Referring now to FIGS. 11, 13, 13A and 14, there are illustrated certainmethods and apparatus of the present invention whereby the well knownproblem of handling rail fasteners during the manufacture of prestressedreinforced concrete railroad ties is solved, at least in part.

As is well known to those having ordinary skill in the art, railfasteners are incorporated into modern concrete railroad ties by partialembedment of these rail fasteners into the upper faces of these railroadties (known as "sleepers" in areas outside the United States).

For this purpose, i.e., for the incorporation of rail fasteners intoconcrete railroad ties, these ties are molded in their inverted state,with the upper surface of each tie being formed by the bottom of themold.

Thus, in the general practice of the prior art before the teachings ofthe present invention, the rail fasteners for each tie were deposited insuitable mounts fixedly located in the bottom of the mold, before thefilling of the mold with concrete.

While this practice resulted in the firm embeddment of the railfasteners in the tie, considerable difficulty was sometimes encounteredin removing the completed ties from the molds without damaging the tieor the bond between one or more fasteners and the tie body, due to thetendency of the concrete to cause the inserted rail fasteners to becomeadhered to the mold.

In accordance with a principal feature of the present invention, meansare provided as part of certain apparatus of the present inventionwhereby individual molds can be slightly raised from the top of thespine of the apparatus and maintained in that slightly elevated positionduring the filling of the molds with concrete and the curing of theconcrete, whereafter, the ties being cured in their molds, therespective molds are slightly dropped, and thus the rail fasteners,which are supported by small bosses mounted in the spines of theapparatus, remain embedded in the ties, which are now parted from theirassociated molds, and thus the rail fasteners are separated from theirassociated molds without damage to the molded ties or to the bondsbetween the molded ties and their associated rail fasteners.

Referring now to FIG. 11, then, there is shown in part the apparatus 50of the present invention (FIG. 1A) modified to incorporate thespecialized apparatus of the present invention whereby theabovedescribed method of the present invention is carried out.

As seen in FIG. 11, apparatus 10 includes an elongated monolithicconcrete block 54 (FIG. 1A).

Also seen in FIG. 11, a tie mold 300 and parts of two adjacent tie molds299, 301 are disposed upon the mold alignment guides 58, 58' (FIG. 1A),only the front edge of the horizontal flange of guide 58 being visiblein FIG. 1A.

As further seen in FIG. 11, two transverse recesses 302, 304 each extendfrom side to side of spine 54 and to the top thereof, in such mannerthat guides 58, 58' pass over these recesses and, where they passthereover, are unsupported by spine 54.

A recess 302' is located at and joined with transverse recess 302, and arecess 304' is located at the opposite end of and joined with transverserecess 304.

As will be seen in FIG. 11, major recesses 302, 304 extend completelythrough spine 54, but minor recesses 302', 304' do not.

It is to be understood that each recess 302', 304' is matched by acorresponding recess of the same kind which extends inwardly from theopposite major vertical face of spine 54. Recess 302' is shown in detailin FIG. 14 and discussed hereinbelow in connection with FIG. 14.

As also seen in FIG. 11, two ribs or tracks are raised upon the floor ofrecess 302, and extend completely from wall 308 to wall 308' of recess302. Another pair of ribs 310, 310' are raised upon the floor of recess304, and extend completely from wall 312 to wall 312' thereof. Each rib306, 306', 310, 310' is located below the position occupied by the railfasteners when they are properly located in the bottom of mold 300.

Movable support blocks 318, 318' are slidably mounted, respectively, onribs 306 and 306', each block 318, 318' defining a groove in which itsassociated rib 306, 306' is received.

Similarly, movable support block 320, 320' are slidably mounted,respectively, on ribs 310 and 310', each block 320, 320' defining agroove in which its associated rib 310, 310' is received.

Thus, it will be seen that each one of the four support blocks 318,318', 320, 320' is longitudinally slidable (parallel to the plane ofFIG. 11) from sidewall to sidewall of the transverse recess in which itis located, but is not movable laterally, i.e., perpendicularly to theplane of FIG. 11.

Two cylindrical bosses 322, 324 project from the top surface of supportblock 318, and two cylindrical bosses 322', 324' project from the topsurface of support block 318'.

Each boss 322, 324, 322', 324' is provided at its upper end with anadaptor adapted to receive and hold a rail fastener, with each suchfastener extending through a close-fitting opening in the bottom of mold300.

Similarly, two cylindrical bosses 326, 328 project from the top surfaceof support block 320, and two cylindrical bosses 326', 328' project fromthe top surface of support block 320'.

Each boss 326, 328, 326', 328' is provided at its upper end with anadaptor adapted to receive and hold a rail fastener, with each suchfastener extending through a close-fitting opening in the bottom of mold300.

Thus, it will be seen that by means of the apparatus located intransverse recesses 302, 304, as discussed immediately above, the railfasteners which are to be incorporated in the tie which is to be moldedin mold 300 can be supported in the correct position for embedment inthe concrete in mold 300 when the bottom of mold 300 is located in theraised position indicated by the dashed line 300' (FIG. 11).

It will be seen by those having ordinary skill in the art, informed bythe present disclosure, that when mold 300 is raised to the positionindicated by dashed line 300, said rail fasteners are passed throughsaid close-fitting openings and seated in said adapters, and mold 300 isfilled with concrete, which is then allowed to cure, all of said railfasteners will be correctly located in the concrete of the resulting tiebody in mold 300.

If, then, mold 300 is dropped downwardly, below the position indicatedby dashed line 300', the concrete tie body, and the rail fasteners, willbe supported on bosses 322, 322', 324, 324', 326, 326', 328, and 328',and by the reinforcing wires passing therethrough which wires are alsosupported by dividers 140-1, 140-2, 140-3 (FIG. 7A).

Simple methods and apparatus for thus raising and lowering mold 300,which methods and apparatus are principal features of the presentinvention, are illustrated in FIG. 14.

As there shown, a simple lever 330 can be inserted into recess 302', forexample, with its short arm 330.1 contacting the bottom of mold 300(FIG. 14), and the stub 330.2 of its long arm 330.3 received in recess332 in floor plate 334 of recess 302'.

When four of such levers as lever 330 are thus emplaced in the fourrecesses 302', 304', etc., associated with mold 300, and simultaneouslyoperated by four laborers, mold 300 can be raised to the extentindicated by dashed line 300' (FIG. 1), and four corresponding shims 336(FIG. 14), etc., can be inserted between the horizontal flanges ofguides 58, 58' and the bottom of mold 300, thus maintaining mold 300 inits raised position indicated by dashed line 300' until said four leversare again used to remove shims 336, etc. When said shims are thusremoved, mold 300 will drop away from the completed tie, leaving saidrail fasteners properly embedded in the just molded tie.

As seen in FIGS. 13 and 13A, a more sophisticated arrangement may beused to thus raise and lower mold 300.

In this case, lever 348 is removably fitted to one end of a pivot rod350, the square end of pivot rod 350 and the corresponding squareopening in the lower end of lever 348 irrotatably fixing lever 348 topivot rod 350.

As seen in both FIGS. 13 and 13A, pivot rod 350 passes through atransverse tube which extends from major face to major face of spine 54and is embedded therein.

Two cams 352, 352' are irrotatably affixed to pivot rod 350, and thuswhen lever 348 is manually operated from its solid line position to itsdashed line position (FIG. 13), one end of mold 300 is raised by theamount of the rise of cams 352 and 352'.

As seen in FIG. 13, lever 348 can be operated from stop 354 to stop 356.

Since lever 348 is over center when it is in contact with stop 356,lever 348 will then remain in its dashed line position until manuallyoperated toward stop 354, and thus mold 300 will remain in its raisedposition until lever 348 is manually operated toward stop 354.

Referring to FIG. 13A, which is a view from the opposite side of spine54 from that shown in FIG. 13, it will be seen that pivot rod 350 andits associated pivot rod 358, which is located at the other end of mold300 and carries two cams 360, 360' similar to and serving the samefunction as cams 352, 352 cooperate to raise and lower mold 300. It willbe seen by those having ordinary skill in the art, informed by thepresent disclosure, that when pivot rods 350 and 358 are turned inopposite directions as indicated by arrows 362, 364 (FIG. 13A), all fourcams 352, 352', 360, 360', will coact to raise mold 300.

As will be evident to those having ordinary skill in the art, informedby the present disclosure, cable 368, which is oppositely wound onpulleys 370, 372, and is affixed to each pulley by clamps operated byscrews 366, 368, causes pulleys 370, 372 to operate in the mutuallyopposed directions shown by arrows 362, 364, or both in the oppositedirection, and that thus the operation of lever 348 will be seen tocause mold 300 to rise or fall as discussed above. Other means, such ashydraulic cylinder means, may alternatively be used to raise and lowermold 300, all within the scope of the present invention.

Referring now to FIGS. 15, 16, and 17, there is shown an apparatus 400of a second preferred embodiment of the balanced compression typeapparatus of the present invention.

Referring now to FIG. 15, there is shown in part the spine 402 ofapparatus 400.

To the end of spine 402 which is shown in FIG. 15, a reinforcing plate404 is affixed by means of bolts 406 which extend into cylindricalthreaded inserts in the monolithic concrete body 408 of spine 402, therecessed heads of bolts 406 only being shown in FIG. 15.

It is to be noted that reinforcing plate 404 is plane faced, as comparedwith reinforcing plate 204 in the first preferred balanced compressionembodiment shown in FIG. 8, which is provided with a transverse rib 208.

It is also to be noted that body 408 is provided with longitudinalflange-type legs 410, 410'.

Spine body 408 is a monolithic concrete member the length of which isdetermined by the number of tie molds which are to coact therewith, anda reinforcing plate 404' substantially identical to reinforcing plate404 is affixed to the opposite end of spine body 408.

The term "monolithic" as used in the description of this secondpreferred embodiment of the balanced compression type of the apparatusof the present invention is to be understood to have the same denotationset out hereinabove in the description of the first preferred embodimentof the balanced compression type of apparatus of the present invention.

Comparing FIGS. 15 and 17, it will be seen that apparatus 400 furthercomprises a bridge member 412 which is of open frame construction asbest seen in FIG. 16.

As may be seen by comparison of FIGS. 16 and 17, bridge member 412 iscomprised of two vertical frame members 414, 416 which are joinedtogether by four cross members 418, 420, 422, 424, all of which arepermanently joined to vertical frame members 414, 416, as by arcwelding.

A pressure plate 426 spans vertical members 414, 416 and is permanentlyjoined thereto, as by arcwelding.

As best seen in FIG. 16, an array 434 of holes 436 passes through upperterminal plate 428, which is fixed to vertical members 414, 416.

Further, a pair of larger holes 440 passes through lower terminal plate430, which is fixed to vertical members 414, 416.

It is to be understood that array 434 of holes 436 is an array similarto the reinforcing rod array of the railroad ties which are to bemanufactured by means of apparatus 400.

In what follows the individual holes 436 and their associatedreinforcing wires, etc., are designated in accordance with the sameconvention which is explained hereinabove in detail in connection withFIGS. 4 and 5.

Thus, in FIG. 16, the upper left-hand hole in terminal plate 428 isparticularly designated by the designator 436A1, and the third hole fromthe left in the middle row of holes in terminal block 428 is designatedby the designator 436C2.

As further seen in FIG. 17, a set of eighteen anchoring assemblies 450are engaged with corresponding holes 436 in terminal plate 428 in thesame manner in which anchoring assemblies 82 are engaged with terminalplate 76 in FIG. 4. Each anchoring assembly 450 is comprised of athreaded rod 452, a nut 454, an elongated hexagonal nut 456 to which isaffixed a strain gauge 458, a second threaded rod 460, and a coupler 462with which the end of a reinforcing wire 464 having a bulb 464' at itsend is engaged. The parts of each anchoring assembly 450 aresubstantially identical to the corresponding parts of the anchoringassembly 82 shown in FIG. 4.

Referring now to FIGS. 19 and 19A, there is shown an array transformerdevice of the present invention which may be used when necessary ordesirable to increase the separation between the reinforcing wiretension adjustment nuts of any particular apparatus of the presentinvention, such as the tension adjusting nuts 92 of the embodiment ofthe present invention shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 7A.

As best seen in FIG. 5, the tension adjusting nuts of a particularembodiment of the present invention may be located very close to eachother, and thus may require the provision of specialized equipment torotate the individual nuts in order to produce the specified tension ineach reinforcing wire of a tie being produced by that apparatus.

It may be, then, that certain reinforcing wire arrays required by tiespecifications issued by certain railroads or transit authorities maynecessitate the use of an array transformer such as shown in FIGS. 19and 19A.

Referring again to FIGS. 19 and 19A, there is shown an array transformer500 of the present invention.

It is assumed that array transformer 500 is applied to the apparatus ofthe present invention shown in FIGS. 1, 2, etc., and that arraytransformer device 500 is thus substituted for terminal plate 76 in FIG.2.

Thus, it will be seen that array transformer 500 is bolted to abutments40' by means of bolts 502, which pass through suitable holes in the ears504 of transformer device 500, and are then received in tapped holes inabutments 40'.

It is to be understood that transformer 500 is comprised of a closedhousing 506 which consists of a set of steel plates 508, 510, 512, 514,516, etc., which are bolted together to form housing 506. In addition toears 504, housing 506 may be provided with one or more legs or struts516 by means of which housing 506 is rigidly positioned with respect tothe remainder of the apparatus of FIGS. 1, 2, etc.

As may be seen by comparison of FIGS. 19 and 19A, a plurality of rigidrods 520 are fixedly positioned within housing 506.

An array of holes 522 corresponding to the reinforcing wire array of therailroad tie to be produced, but with considerably larger interspacingthan the reinforcing wires in the railroad tie to be produced, passthrough plate 512 of housing 506.

A plurality of holes 524 arrayed in an array which is substantiallyidentical to the specified array of reinforcing wires in the railroadtie to be produced pass through segmented wall plate 514 of housing 506.

A threaded rod 530 provided with a nut 532 passes through each of theholes 522 in wall plate 512 of housing 506.

A coupler 534 generally resembling coupler 101 shown in FIG. 4, butsomewhat shorter, is secured to the inner end of each threaded rod 530by means of an associated nut 536.

Each coupler 534 is attached to one end of a coupling cord 540 by meansof a bulb 540' integrally molded or cemented to one end of coupling cord540.

Each coupling cord 540 is fabricated from a cord of well known plasticmaterial the tensile strength of which is several times the tensilestrength of steel, such as Kevlar, which is used in criticalapplications such as that of automobile tire cords.

Plate 514 is segmented into elongate members which are coupled togetherby vertical rods in close-fitting holes (not shown), and holes 524 aredefined between said elongate members, one half of each hole in one ofsaid elongate horizontal members, whereby plate 514 can be disassembledfor the replacement of one or more of coupling cords 540.

As seen in FIG. 19, then, the inner end of each coupling cord 540 passesthrough one of said holes 524, and is then affixed to a correspondingcoupler 544 by means of its end bulb 540".

Each coupler 544 is joined to a threaded rod 546 in the manner in whichthe corresponding coupler 534 is joined to its associated threaded rod530.

Each threaded rod 546 is joined to an elongated hexagonal nut 548 in themanner shown in FIG. 4, and described hereinabove in connectiontherewith.

In the manner described hereinabove in connection with FIG. 4, eachelongated hexagonal nut 548 is provided with a strain gauge 549.

A threaded rod 550 is threaded into the end of each elongated hexagonalnut 548 remote from housing 506, and a coupler 552 is affixed to theopposite end of each threaded rod 550 by means of a nut which is weldedto the yoke or frame of each coupler in the manner indicated in FIG. 4,and described in connection therewith.

The reinforcing wires 86 which are to be incorporated in the railroadties to be produced are then fastened to their individual associatedcouplers 552 by means of their terminal bulbs 86', in the mannerdisclosed hereinabove in connection with FIG. 4.

As shown in FIG. 19A, rods 520 guide coupling cords 540 from the smallerarray of holes 524 to the larger array of holes 522, without obstructingthe passage of the bulbs 540' of cords 540 through housing 506.

Thus, it will be seen that array transformer 500 makes it possible tolocate tensioning nuts 532 sufficiently far apart so that each nut isreadily accessible to a socket-type torque wrench, and the completeplurality of tensioning nuts 32 may be serviced by a gang tensionerconsisting of a plurality of rigidly mutually juxtaposed socket-typetorque wrenches, or the like.

Referring now to FIGS. 20 and 20A, there is shown a detensioning device600 which is a feature of the present invention.

While the reinforcing wire tension adjusting nuts of the apparatus ofthe present invention (e.g., nuts 92, FIG. 5) may be used to movetogether their reinforcing wire coupling devices at their respectiveends of the apparatus of the present invention sufficiently to permitnew reinforcing wires to be installed, it may in some apparatuses bedesirable to provide means which avoid such extensive operating of thetension adjusting nuts in order to avoid wear of the tensioning nuts andtheir associated threaded rods. Detensioning device 600 is such a means.

As best seen in FIG. 20, detensioning device 600 is assumed to beadapted to apparatus 10 of the present invention, in lieu of thetensioning plate 40' located at the second or uninstrumented endthereof.

As seen in FIG. 20, detensioning device 600 is comprised of a closedhousing 602 one end of which is disposed upon module 12.6, and isaffixed to the two abutments 40' located at that end of apparatus 10 bymeans of suitable bolts and tapped holes (not shown).

A movable terminal plate 604 is slidably mounted in housing 602, and theends of a plurality of threaded rods 606 are maintained in a suitablearray of holes passing through movable terminal plate 604 by means ofassociated nuts 608.

As will now be evident to those having ordinary skill in the art,informed by the present disclosure, each threaded rod 606 is providedwith a coupler of the kind shown in FIG. 4, and an associatedreinforcing wire is affixed to the opposite end of each such coupler inthe manner indicated in FIG. 4.

A rigid horizontal positioning rod 610 (FIG. 20) is coupled to terminalplate 604 by means of a yoke 612 (FIG. 20) which permits access to allof the nuts 608.

As seen in FIG. 20A, a differential screw and toggle mechanism 620 ofwell known type, often employed in older toggle presses, is mounted inhousing 602.

A typical mechanism of this type is shown and described in the book"Mechanisms, Linkages, and Mechanical Controls", edited by Nicholas P.Chironis, and published by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., in 1965,at page 155.

As there explained, this mechanism provides increasing mechanicaladvantage as nuts 622, 622' approach each other.

As also seen in FIG. 20A, the moving output block 624 of mechanism 620is rigidly coupled to rod 610 by means of a yoke comprised of upper andlower members 626, 628, which are coupled to each other and to rod 610by a vertical crosspiece 630.

Thus, it will be evident to those having ordinary skill in the art,informed by the present disclosure, that by rotating handwheel 632 anoperator of the apparatus may move tensioning plate 604 (FIG. 20) ineither direction, and thus may either move the reinforcing wire couplersaffixed to threaded rods 606 to the left as shown in FIG. 20, thuspermitting the easy insertion of the ends of reinforcing wires into thecouplers associated with threaded rods 606, or, by rotating hand wheel532 in the opposite direction, may forcefully draw terminal plate 604 tothe right as shown in FIG. 20, thereby producing sufficient tension inall of the reinforcing wires so that only small changes need be made inthe tensions of the individual reinforcing wires by means of thetensioning nuts located at the opposite end of apparatus 10.

Referring now to FIG. 21, there is shown the reinforcing wire tensionreading and recording apparatus 700 which is a principal feature of thepresent invention.

Reading and recording apparatus 700 is comprised of a converter unit 702which is provided with a number of input jacks 704 equal to the numberof strain gauges employed in a particular corresponding apparatus of thepresent invention.

Each cable 704A1, 704A2 . . . 704F2, 704F3, is plug-connected to anassociated input jack 704 of converter 702, and contains fourelectrically independent conductors.

Thus, as will be evident to those having ordinary skill in the art, eachinput jack 704 of converter 702 is connected to the four terminals of anassociated bridge-type strain gauge. Converter 702 applies a voltage totwo terminals of each bridge-type strain gauge via two conductors of itsassociated cable, and receives a signal proportional to the momentarytensile force experienced by that strain gauge via the other twoconductors thereof.

It is to be understood, however, that the present invention does notexclusively contemplate the use of bridge-type strain gauges, and thatthus other strain gauges of well known type may be used, and coupled toa suitable associated converter 702.

It is further to be noted that the present invention is not limited tothe employment of the particular type of strain gauge shown herein,e.g., in FIG. 4, but rather, in different embodiments, may utilize anyavailable type of commercial strain gauge suited to the purpose.

As also indicated in FIG. 21, converter 702 is linked to a computer 706,and cooperates with computer 706 to display on the display screen 708 ofcomputer 706 a tabulation of the currently existing tension in eachreinforcing wire held in tension between the two terminal plates of theassociated railroad tie manufacturing apparatus of the presentinvention.

For this purpose, computer 706 supplies to converter 702, on line 710, aclock signal which is used in coordinating the action of converter 702with the operation of computer 706.

Cable 712 serves to transfer from converter 702 to computer 706 a seriesof signals representing the tensile forces in the respective reinforcingwires tensioned between the terminal plates of the associated apparatusof the present invention.

In accordance with a principal feature of the present invention, aprinter 714 which is driven by computer 706 serves to provide, for eachset of ties produced by the associated apparatus of the invention, aprinted certificate 716 tabulating the tension in each reinforcing wireat some time during the curing of the concrete of the resulting railroadtie.

It is also a feature of the present invention to so program computer 706that certificate 716 tabulates the maximum and minimum tensionexperienced by each reinforcing wire at any time during the curing of aparticular set of railroad ties.

By way of example, each Kevlar coupling cord 540 shown in FIG. 19 may beprovided with a sylphon or bellows, the closed end of which is cementedor otherwise affixed to the cord and the open end of which is adapted tobe airtightly secured to a single plate 514, the holes 524 being ofsufficient diameter to freely admit the bulbs 540' of the coupling cords540, whereby to prevent the incursion of dust and moisture into housing506.

By way of a further example, a vertical partition may be provided in thedetensioning apparatus 600 of the invention shown in FIG. 20, whichpartition contains a packing gland through which rod 610 passes, wherebyto prevent the incursion of dust and moisture into the chambercontaining differential screw and toggle mechanism 620.

Further, it is to be understood that the mold raising and loweringmechanism, the array transformer mechanism and the detensioningmechanism of the invention may, or all or any of them, may be used in anapparatus embodying any of the spine constructions of the presentinvention shown and described herein.

It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those madeapparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained, andsince certain changes may be made in the above constructions and themethods carried out thereby without departing from the scope of thepresent invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the abovedescription or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpretedas illustrative only, and not in a limiting sense.

It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended tocover all of the generic and specific features of the inventionhereindescribed, and all statements of the scope of the invention which,as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.

What is claimed is:
 1. Apparatus for use in the manufacturing ofreinforced concrete railroad ties, comprising:elongated spine means;first and second bridge means respectively located adjacent one end ofsaid spine means and adjacent the other end of said spine means, both ofsaid bridge means extending transversely of said spine means; a firstplurality of tie reinforcing member anchoring means; a second pluralityof tie reinforcing member anchoring means; first collocating means formaintaining said first plurality of tie reinforcing member anchoringmeans in a predetermined collocation on said first bridge means; secondcollocating means for maintaining said second plurality of tiereinforcing member anchoring means in a predetermined collocation onsaid second bridge means; tensioning means for individually tensioningsaid tie reinforcing members; bridge interconnecting means forinterconnecting a portion of said first bridge means remote from saidfirst collocating means and a portion of said second bridge means remotefrom said second collocating means, whereby to maintain the distancebetween said collocating means against the stresses produced in saidapparatus by the tensioning of a plurality of said reinforcing membersbetween corresponding ones of said anchoring means.
 2. Apparatus asclaimed in claim 1, further comprising a plurality of tie molds none ofwhich is attached to said spine means.
 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim2, said apparatus being capable of withstanding the stresses producedtherein by the tensioning of a plurality of said reinforcing membersbetween corresponding ones of said anchoring means without reinforcementof said apparatus by other structural means.
 4. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 2 in which tension magnitude signal producing means are coupledbetween each one of said reinforcing members and an associated one ofsaid anchoring means.
 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 in which saidspine means is comprised of a plurality of separately fabricated moduleswhich are joined together in end-to-end relationship.